Browsing: Method

An Austrian research group has developed an integrated optimization framework for heat pump investment planning that explicitly accounts for nonlinear part-load efficiency. The approach recognizes that heat pump efficiency varies with operating load, rather than remaining constant, depending on how much of the system’s total capacity is being used at a given time. This enables…

For the past 25 years, one discipline has been revolutionizing epidemiology: phylodynamics. By using genetic sequences, scientists can study how pathogens evolve. Thanks to mathematics, these data can be coherently organized into phylogenetic trees, with each branch representing a chain of transmission and each leaf representing an individual’s infection. The length of the branches can…